Short Story The Suitcase - 1486 Words

Short dark stories 1. The suitcase One day, a man bought a suitcase, his wife was on a business trip so he was stuck watching his 5 year old daughter, she seemed to have an interest in the suitcase. It was 9:00 pm, so he put his daughter to sleep. When the man to his study to do his work, when he was done he went downstairs to open the suitcase. It would open, so out of anger he threw it across the room, and used a knife he saw on the table to stab it, and he kept hitting it, and throwing it, and stabbing it until it finally popped open. He was horrified to see his daughter in the suitcase all beaten and stabbed and hurt. It turns out she was so curious that she snuck inside when he we in his study. 2. Thanksgiving surprise One day the family maid was I. Charge of making the dinner. She had to make it fast before the guest arrived no matter what, or else she would get fired, the child of the family was a young boy about 3 years old, he was small and chubby and the cutest thing you will ever see. He watched as the maid cooked the dinner, later that night the power went off. Oh my... I still have to put the turkey in the oven... So she grabbed it and put it in the oven, when the over stopped, she cut it into 4 parts and put it on the table. When the guests arrive and they took out the top for the turkey, they screamed in terror as they realized that it was the son. 3. Happy birthday! One morning a young girl wanted to give her older sister an amazing present forShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Popular Mechanics By Raymond Carver1099 Words   |  5 PagesCarver a man begins packing his things in a suitcase on a rainy day. His spouse barges into the room and begins to berate him. She moves to the dresser and picks up a picture of their baby and leaves the room. The man follows they begin fighting about who gets the baby. As the women holds tightly to the baby, the man backs her into the kitchen and begins grabbing the child. They both have a tight hold on the child now and are pulling backwards. The story concludes and it is implied that they haveRead MoreSimilarities Between Balzac And The Little Chinese Seamstress And An Open House By James Hughes1462 Words   |  6 Pagestries to deal with Christian missionaries overtaking his village, Umuofia. Okonkwo is seen as a wealthy and famous leader amongst his clan. He is most known for his success in wrestling and his tit les as a leader. Okonkwo is adored by many but is short-fused and has a terrible temper. During his life, he takes in a boy by the name of Ikemefuna from a neighboring village, Mbaino, after the boy is given up to Okonkwo’s village as a sacrifice for killing one of the women of Umuofia. Soon after, OkonkwoRead MorePopular Mechanics By Raymond Carver : Lesson Plan Of Questioning1628 Words   |  7 Pagesexample of asking and answering questions video to hook the student’s attention to put her into a receptive frame of mind. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=C2fWZHaNugc Input- Teacher Directed Lesson (12.00 minutes) The teacher (Aide) will read a short story to explicitly communicate to the student the concept of questioning while reading Popular Mechanics by Raymond Carver ________________________________________ Early that day the weather turned and the snow was melting into dirty water. StreaksRead MoreEssay on My Kid’s Dog and Irony1121 Words   |  5 PagesJonathan Blais Mr. Ersinghaus Story Critiques 9 May 2011 My Kid’s Dog and Irony Ron Hansen’s work, My Kid’s Dog, is a story about revenge, irony, and circularity. The family pet, Sparky, dies. We are informed of this in the first lines of the piece, â€Å"My kid’s dog died. Sparky. I hated that dog (244).† Here Hansen gives us a clue to their relationship, â€Å"We got off on the wrong foot. Whining in his pen those first nights. My squirt gun in his face and him blinking from the water.Read MoreThe Judge s Will By Ruth Prawer Jhabvala992 Words   |  4 PagesIn the short story â€Å"The Judge’s Will,† author Ruth Prawer Jhabvala presents a woman who finds out that her husband has been committing adultery for a long time now. The story starts off with the husband realizing that he has to tell the wife about his will and what it contains. The husband, a judge must finally inform his wife, Binny about the contents of the will because he had suffered his second heart attack. Binny is told by her husband that he has been having an affair with another woman. BinnyRead MoreGood Country People882 Words   |  4 PagesGOOD COUNTRY PEOPLE by Flannery O Connor The short story Good Country People was written by O’Connor. The story introduces us to well-educated a woman who was thirty-two years old. This woman has an artificial leg which was shot off in a hunting accident when she was ten. She went to college and earned a doctorate in philosophy. She has a heart condition; so she cannot work and has to live at home with her mother. The name given to her is Joy but she changed her name to Hulga. She mocks her motherRead MoreShort Story About The Movie The Blob Of Blue Ink 1555 Words   |  7 Pageswith the short story I wrote. The blob of blue ink, I already knew what was behind it. Opportunity. Opportunity, for me? Or for Mom? I decided to grab the suitcase. I hastily unlocked the straps, and opened it. All I found were clothes and a camera. This was a waste of my time, I thought to myself. I kicked the suitcase under the bed. The next day, I wanted to review the suitcase a bit more. When I looked under the bed to get it, it wasnâ⠂¬â„¢t even there. â€Å"Mom! What happened to the suitcase?† I wailedRead MoreAnalysis Of The Book Alzheimer s 1104 Words   |  5 Pagesforecaster and he was acting out of his own accord. If this is so, then the existence of God and all the stories told in different religions about God are just mere myths meant to give people a reason for living and a reason to be nice and kind to each other to maintain order in the world. The Woodworm also causes one to think of its certainty because it appears as different characters in the novel. II. SHORT ANSWER: On-the-spot Poetry Analysis Kelly Cherry’s â€Å"Alzheimer’s† (784-785) This poem talks aboutRead MoreComparing Rocking Horse Winner the Movie and Novel Essay example554 Words   |  3 Pages The short story, Rocking-Horse Winner, and the movie based on it contrast considerably. When the written story has ended the movie continues with ideas, which may not come from the author. Three major differences of the two are: the mother, the father, and the ending. In the movie the mother, Hester, is portrayed as a loving and self-sacrificing person. While in the short story she is exposed to be a cold-hearted, and greedy person. Another instance where the short story and movie differRead MoreRockign Horse Winner733 Words   |  3 PagesThe short story, â€Å"Rocking-Horse Winner†, and the movie based on it contrast considerably. When the written story has ended the movie continues with ideas, which may not come from the author. Three major differences of the two are: the mother, the father, and the ending. In the movie the mother, Hester, is portrayed as a loving and self-sacrificing person. While in the short story she is exposed to be a cold-hearted, and greedy pe rson. Another instance where the short story and movie differ is the

Hybrid Renewable Energy Systems Techno Economic Analysis...

Hybrid renewable energy systems, combining various kinds of technologies, have shown relatively high ï ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Ã¯ ¿ ¼Received 2 February 2015 Received in revised form 8 June 2015 Accepted 18 September 2015 Available online 11 November 2015 Keywords: Hybrid renewable energy systems Techno-economic analysis Wind turbine Photovoltaic Fuel cell Contents capabilities to solve reliability problems and have reduced cost challenges. The use of hybrid electricity gen- eration/storage technologies as off-grid stand-alone systems is reasonable to overcome related shortcomings. Solar and wind energy are two rapidly emerging renewable ones that have precedence in comparison to the other kinds. In this regard, the present paper studies four specific locations in Iran, which are candidates for research centers. Based on the solar radiation and average wind speed maps, techno-economically optimized systems are designed by simulating behavior of various combinations of renewable energy systems with different sizing, including wind turbine (WT), photovoltaic (PV), fuel cell (FC), and battery banks. According to the results obtained by a computer program, it is concluded that the hybrid systems including WT and PV with battery backup are less costly compared to the other systems. Moreover, we found that among non-hybrid systems, in most regions of Iran s territory PVs are more economical than WTs. Despite of its advantages, FC has not been applied in the optimal systems due to its high initialShow MoreRelatedThe Integration And Combined Utilization Of Renewable Energy Sources1856 Words   |  8 Pagescombined utilization of renewable energy sources such as solar energy, wind energy, small hydropower and their hybrid configurations. Different authors used different Technology option and approaches for a range of hybrid systems at different times, locations and different countries for determination of the optimal design of the hybrid system in terms of cost and the reliability that has become of great importance with the increasing in using of hybrid renewable energy systems, especially in remoteRead MoreA Research Study On Water Heating1374 Words   |  6 Pagesvarious solar energy technologies: solar photovoltaic and solar thermal options, collecting data from 296 respondents from Chennai. It has been found that scarcity f or electricity and carbon free operation are two most dominating motivating factors. A single point estimation of economic viability showed that it is feasible for Chennai [6]. The life cycle cost and payback period assessment has been done taking three cities in united states ( Los Angeles, Atlanta and Chicago),two auxiliary systems (naturalRead MoreGreen Marketing5158 Words   |  21 Pagesreport analyses the integration of environmental issues into the marketing planning by marketers and the strategies adopted by them to market their products and services. This study emphasises that â€Å"Proactive green marketers† adopting a free market system in their values are the most genuine group in implementing green marketing voluntarily and seeking competitive advantage through environmental friendliness. The study further delves in to the green consumer segment and the usage of marketing mix toolsRead MoreInformation and Communication Technology as Bedrock of the Nation13285 Wo rds   |  54 PagesFOREWORD This revised policy underlines the desired need for appropriate cutting-edge technologies that will propel the country through and beyond the 21st century. This vision policy is therefore designed to underpin the nation’s socio-economic progress and development. It emphasizes the need for a coherent, systematic and comprehensive approach to the determination of technological programmes and their implementation taking into account domestic productions in agriculture and rural developmentRead MoreAn Impact Assessment of Science and Technology Policy on National Development of Nigeria61708 Words   |  247 Pagesdiscussion of the findings from the study. The data generated from interviews and questionnaires were analyzed using quantitative and qualitative methods. Four hypotheses were tested in order to quantitatively analyzed the findings from the study. The analysis confirmed all the hypotheses stated as well as the fact that ST policy has not played a critical role in national development and that Nigerian society is not aware of and hardly contribute to formulation of ST policy. Furthermore, the studyRead MoreContemporary Issues in Management Accounting211377 Words   |  846 PagesNew York ß Oxford University Press 2006 The moral rights of the author have been asserted Database right Oxford University Press (maker) First published 2006 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reprographics rights organization. Enquiries concerningRead MoreExploring Corporate Strategy - Case164366 Words   |  658 Pagesmain issues inï ¬â€šuencing the competitive position of a number of organisations in the same industry with a relatively short case. For a case that permits a more comprehensive industry analysis The Pharmaceutical Industry could be used. However, if the purpose is more focused – illustrating the use of ‘ï ¬ ve forces’ analysis – the TUI case study or Illustration 2.3 on The Steel Industry could be used. Some cases are written entirely from published sources but most have been prepared in cooperation with

Hypothetical for Positive Life Assurance Co Ltd - myassignmenthelp

Question: Discuss about theHypothetical for Positive Life Assurance Co Ltd. Answer: The first issue is whether Max can enforce the clause in the Company Constitution that makes him solicitor and the type of remedy that he would need to seek if he could. The second issue is whether Max can prevent the inclusion of the clause that allows the directors to expropriate his shares notwithstanding the fact that the directors have passed a special resolution. Section 140 of the Corporations Act 2001[1] provides that the constitution of a company has the effect of forming a contract under seal between the company and each member; the company and its directors and company secretary; and between the members. The effect of the above law, contractually, is that it is limited to those situations above. In other words, no common law rights are conferred upon any other person apart from the ones mentioned in the Act above. The authoritative deciding of Eley v Positive Life Assurance Co Ltd[2] clearly illustrated this fact. In that case, Eleys appointment under the Company Articles was as solicitor for life. Later, he became a member of the company and was removed from being the company solicitor. He sued the company for breach of contract and the Court held that the constitution of the company conferred upon him no other rights other than those of being a member and since those rights were not affected, there was no breach. This view was further asserted in the case of Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-breeders Association[3] where the court held that the articles have the effect of forming a contractual relationship between the members and the company. Section 136 of the Corporations Act outlines the procedure for amending or repealing a companys constitution and provides that the same can only be done by special resolution (s.136(2)). This was the position maintained by the English Court of Appeal in the authoritative pronunciation of Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa Ltd.[4] It is important to note that under the Common Law, any alterations to the company constitution must be for the benefit of the company as a whole and must be bona fide. The Court authoritatively pronounced itself on this matter. In the case of Gambotto v WCP Ltd[5], the court held that in cases that involve an actual or effective expropriation of shares by the majority in order to compulsorily acquire the shares of the minority is oppressive conduct that necessarily lies beyond the scope of the contemplated aims of the power to amend articles. In ascertaining whether the alteration is valid, the courts will examine if the expropriation is valid or effective. T he burden of proving a challenge to an alteration is on the person bringing the claim to show that the majority of the persons that voted for the change acted beyond their powers. The case of Brown v British Abrasive Wheel Co Ltd[6] was to the effect that the move by the majority shareholders to compulsorily acquire the minority shareholders was denied by the Court. Section 136 of the Corporations Act allows shareholders to bring derivative actions against directors who are perceived to have breached their statutory duties. Section 236 to 242 provide for the procedure for bringing derivative actions. The appointment of Max as a company solicitor by the company constitution had the effect of creating a contractual relationship between him and the company by virtue of section 140 of the Corporations Act. That relationship is as between the company and Max as a member and not as solicitor. Although there was a special resolution by the directors, Max has a legal avenue through which he can challenge the decision to include a clause that expropriates his shares. This is by virtue of section 136 and the cases discussed in the foregoing. The onus is on Max to institute legal proceedings against the directors and to show that their actions were not within the objects of the powers to amend the articles. Maxs ability to enforce his constitutional appointment as solicitor is limited to him as a member. Therefore, Max cannot enforce the clause in the constitution that makes him solicitor. Also, Max can prevent the inclusion of the clause allowing the directors to expropriate his shares. The issue is whether the directors have issued their equitable and/or statutory duties to AB and the remedies that apply. The general rule is that the duties owed by directors are to the company as opposed to individual shareholders. This was the holding in the cases of Percival v Wright[7] and Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa Ltd[8]. Section 181 of the Corporations Act 2001 imposes upon company directors the duty to act in good faith for the best interests of the company and in good faith. The courts have held that the obligation of acting in good faith and the duty of acting for a proper purpose are two separate duties in case of Bell Group Ltd (in liq) v Westpac Banking Corporation.[9] Santow, J., in the case of ASIC v Adler[10], stated that under section 181, a director is under a fiduciary obligation against promoting a personal gain where there is a possibility that they will conflict with the interests of the company. In assessing whether there is a reasonable and real risk that a conflict may possibly arise, the position of a reasonable person faced with similar circumstances is adopted.[11] Ho wever, a director is permitted to act on personal interest where he has not relieved himself of the personal interest provided that the personal interest was for the overall bona fide good of the company or for promotion of fairness.[12] Where a director is in a position of influence and power, merely disclosing the conflict between duty and interest and not voting is not enough to amount to fiduciary responsibility. Such a director must exercise such power to prevent that transaction.[13] Beyond disclosure, the action that a director is required to take is dependent on factors such as the degree of the directors involvement in the transaction and the seriousness of the likely outcomes for the corporation.[14] The general rule with respect to good faith is that directors must act upon their mandate bona fide in that which they deem as being within the interests of the company.[15] The test of honesty is objective as opposed to subjective, which is insufficient.[16] Acting in the best interests of a company denotes the corporators as an entire body and not a company as a distinct commercial entity separate from corporators as was the position in Greenhalgh v Arderne Cinemas Ltd.[17] The duty also requires that the creditors interests be considered. This was the position in the case of Spies v The Queen.[18] Although the companys interests and those of its shareholders are usually similar, in circumstances where that is not the case, it seems that those of the shareholders come first. In the case of Darvall v North Sydney Brick Tile Co Ltd[19], Hodgson, J affirmed the above position and further stated that directors may also act in the best interests of the company even though it is not within the short term interests of the members. The duty owed to shareholders as a group does not necessarily mean the same thing as that owed to individual shareholders as was seen in Percival v Wright. In some instances, however, the courts have held that speci fic shareholders are owed this duty. This was held, for instance, where the director of a family company withheld confidential information and stood to make profits out of the business deal as was the case in Coleman v Myers.[20] Courts have further noted that directors may well be shareholders, either preference or ordinary, and it would be impractical to invalidate their actions just because of this fact Mills v Mills at page 164. The courts tested the standard of good faith in the case of Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd[21], which involved a takeover. The Privy Council found the directors to be in breach of that duty since if they had acted in good faith, their decision would not be impeachable by the courts. Accordingly, a decision that is performed by directors in good faith and for relevant purposes is not open for review by the courts as was the case The Bell Group Ltd (in liq) at paragraph 4426.[22] Directors duty to act for a proper purpose means that they must act within the purpose that was conferred to them. Directors, in the exercise of their powers, must not allow themselves to be found in a position where they are in a conflict or where their powers are restrained. In determining the purpose for which directors exercised a power, courts identify the directors substantial purpose that caused the directors to make a particular decision as was held in Bell IXL v Life Therapeutics Ltd.[23] Where shares are being allotted and it is found that the said allotment was made for a purpose that was impermissible. In such a circumstance, it is immaterial if rights are issued to a third party, the same will be voidable. The case of Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd involved a companys directors that issued shares for the purpose of assisting a takeover by blocking the majority shareholders that was in existence. The Privy Council held that the directors were in breach of their du ty of good faith towards the company by purporting to destroy the existing majority shareholding to create a new one. Section 180 requires directors to exercise care and diligence. It creates the business judgement rule that requires directors to make decisions to take or not to undertake actions regarding matters relevant to the operations of the business of a company (s. 180 (3)) It is clear that AB was undergoing challenges especially since there had been a market shift and the competition was high. Also, there is an eminent takeover. It is clear that the move by the company directors was done for the companys best interests and for the proper purpose. Some degree of reasonable care and diligence is also discernible.The directors are not in breach. Bibliography Allen v Gold Reefs of West Africa Ltd [1900] 1 Ch D 656 ASIC v Adler [2002] NSWSC 171 ASIC v Maxwell [2006] 59 ACSR 373 Bell Group Ltd (in liq) v Westpac Banking Corporation (no 9) [2008] WASC 239 Bell IXL v Life Therapeutics Ltd [2008] FCA 1457 Brown v British Abrasive Wheel Co Ltd [1919] 1 Ch D 290 Coleman v Myers [1977] 2 NZLR 255 Corporations Act 2001 (Cth), Australia Darvall v North Sydney Brick Tile Co Ltd (1988) 6 ACLC 154 Eley v Positive Life Assurance Co Ltd [1876] 1 Ex D 88 Fitzsimmons v R (1997) 23 ACSR 355 Gambotto v WCP Ltd (1995) 16 ACSR 1 Greenhalgh v Arderne Cinemas Ltd [1951] Ch 286 Hickman v Kent or Romney Marsh Sheep-breeders Association [1915] 1 Ch D 881 Howard Smith Ltd v Ampol Petroleum Ltd [1974] AC 821 Mills v Mills (1938) 60 CLR 150 Percival v Wright [1902] 2 Ch 421 Permanent Building Society (In Liq) v McGee (1993) 11 ACSR 260 Permanent Building Society (in liq) v Wheeler (1994) 14 ACSR 109 Phipps v Boardman [1967] 2 AC 46 Re Smith and Fawcett [1942] 1 All ER 542 Spies v The Queen (2000) 201 CLR 603 The Bell Group Ltd (in liq) v Westpac Banking Corporation (No 9) [2008] WASC 239 [1] Corporations Act 2001 (Cth) [2] [1876] 1 Ex D 88 [3] [1915] 1 Ch D 881 [4] [1900] 1 Ch D 656 [5] (1995) 16 ACSR 1, at 8 [6] [1919] 1 Ch D 290 [7] [1902] 2 Ch 421 [8] [1900] 1 Ch D 656, at 104 [9] [2008] WASC 239, at 4456 [10] [2002] NSWSC 171, at 735 [11] Phipps v Boardman [1967] 2 AC 46, at 124 [12] Mills v Mills (1938) 60 CLR 150, at 164-165 [13] Permanent Building Society (In Liq) v McGee (1993) 11 ACSR 260, at 239 [14] Fitzsimmons v R (1997) 23 ACSR 355, at 258 [15] Re Smith and Fawcett [1942] 1 All ER 542 [16] Permanent Building Society (in liq) v Wheeler (1994) 14 ACSR 109, at 137 [17] [1951] Ch 286 [18] 201 CLR 603 [19] (1988) 6 ACLC 154 [20] [1977] 2 NZLR 255 [21] [1974] AC 821 [22] The Bell Group Ltd (in liq) v Westpac Banking Corporation (No 9) [2008] WASC 239 [23] [2008] FCA 1457

Teachings of Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism

Introduction Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism are Indian religions that are sometimes classified under Eastern religions (Matthews, 2008). Though mainly found in Indian communities, these religions are not restricted to the Indian subcontinent. They have different teachings and beliefs on spiritual concepts such as karma, afterlife, and rebirth. Founders of these religions developed the belief systems that they follow.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teachings of Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Their belief systems are similar in that they explain these concepts within a similar scope. However, the fact that their teachings are different explains the distinction in their belief systems. They share certain religious beliefs that are interpreted differently by each of one them. Similarities apply in the rituals they conduct and in the literary field. For example, they all conduct abhis eka, a head-anointing ritual that has great meaning to them (Matthews, 2008). They show differences in the interpretation of certain teachings. For example, Hinduism interprets dharma as a religious duty while Jainism interprets it as righteousness (Matthews, 2008). These religions have similarities and differences in their respective belief systems. Karma Karma refers to means that people use to determine their destiny through their actions, which are either good or evil. The three religions believe that individuals mold their destiny through their deeds. As such, karma is the resulting outcome of one’s actions, which determines the quality of life in the afterlife. In Hinduism, karma is an expression of the outcome of individual actions. Hindus believe that God is involved in the process of giving and revealing karma (Fowler, 1999). Karma is partly determined by the will of God, in addition to the actions of an individual. God administers karma fairly and does not favor any one. They also believe that karma is different from destiny or fate because humans use free will to make decisions (Fowler, 1999). Therefore, their actions result from rational decisions. They teach that one reaps what he/she planted. Therefore, if one commits evil, then evil will befall them. In Sikhism, three concepts that comprise maya control karma. The three concepts join the body and soul to the planet (Cole and Sambhi, 1999). Individuals possess these qualities in different degrees. Actions of individuals are controlled by eternal time (Cole and Sambhi, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Sikhs refer to actions executed under maya as karma. They believe that karma is the force that causes observed outcomes of people’s actions. Sikhism teaches and believes that karma makes people responsible for their actions. On the other hand, Jainism considers karma as cons isting of tiny particles that fill the universe. Attraction occurs through the soul, which has a certain karmic field that attracts the micro particles (Balcerowicz, 1999). Vibrations created by the mind, body, and soul initiate attraction. Therefore, prevailing mental, body, and soul dispositions determine karma. Interaction between karma and consciousness results in life. Sikhism differs with other religions because it considers karma as one of the natural laws that govern life (Balcerowicz, 1999). In addition, it teaches that changing one’s thoughts influences the outcome of karma. Afterlife The three religions believe in the afterlife, which is manifested through reincarnation. Hinduism has several beliefs that reiterate the reincarnation teaching. The Baghavat Gita teaches that just like an individual discards old and torn clothes for new ones, similarly the soul gets rid of the old body for a new one (Jennings, 1996). The principal teaching that informs afterlife is tha t the body is just an object to house the soul, which is sacred. The soul is eternal and indestructible. That is why it survives death and goes into the next life where it assumes another type of body. Hindus teach that the climax of the afterlife is salvation, which means unity with God (Jennings, 1996). They believe that karma has strong influence on reincarnation. Hinduism believes that reincarnation depends on an individual’s deeds before death. Reincarnation is only possible if an individual’s deeds resulted in good karma. Sikhism has several beliefs and teachings on reincarnation. Their teachings hold that the soul belongs to the spiritual universe, which was created by God. Similar to Hindus, Sikhs believe that karma determines reincarnation.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Teachings of Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More However, they differ with Hindus because t hey believe that the soul unites with God while Hindus believe that the soul merges with God (Cole, W and Sambhi, 1999). It may be necessary for the soul to undergo further purification by living several other lives before uniting with God. Jainism’s belief in afterlife is similar to that of Hinduism and Sikhism because they believe that it is determined by karma. However, their teachings claim that an individual could end up enjoying the afterlife in several ways. If an individual is devoid of bad karma, then he/she is ready for the afterlife (Kumara, 2006). However, if a soul possesses bad karma, then it is necessary for it to go through the eight hells in order to purify it and prepare it for reincarnation. The degree of suffering in the eight hells determines the readiness of the soul for liberation (Kumara, 2006). The more the suffering, the closer the soul will get to liberation. This process takes time but the soul is eventually liberated, thus united with the gods (Ku mara, 2006). Reincarnation/rebirth Reincarnation is the belief that after death, the soul moves from one body to another to enable it live in the afterlife. Hinduism, Sikhism, and Jainism believe in reincarnation of the soul. Rebirth forms a core part of the teachings of these religions. According to Hinduism, a human being is composed of a body and a soul, which constantly oppose each other. The soul is spiritual and the body is material. The soul is eternal and indestructible while the body is temporal and destructible (Fowler, 1999). It teaches that the body only exists to house the soul, thus discarded after death. However, since the soul is sacred and connected to God, it proceeds to the next life. The nature of reincarnation depends on karma. Hindus believe the soul is pure and it is necessary for it to be reborn in order to get rid of attachments to the material body (Fowler, 1999). Rebirth involves migration of the soul into another body depending on its karma. In addition, it involves cycles of birth and death that erase any ignorance and evil from the soul. The cycle involves entry of the soul into a rebirth system (Fowler, 1999). It can be reborn as a human, an animal, or a spirit. The cycle continues until a state of purity is attained. Hinduism teaches that the soul only enters the rebirth cycle due to ignorance by individuals of the reason of existence. Hindus have several reasons for reincarnation. These include satisfaction of individual desires, attainment of moksha (purity), payment of debt, and completion of an unfinished sadhana (Fowler, 1999).Advertising Looking for essay on religion theology? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More In Jainism, reincarnation is one of the fundamental pillars of faith. It is related to other teachings and beliefs such as transmigration, liberation, non-attachment, and karma. The soul can be born either among gods or in hell, where it undergoes great suffering because of bad karma. Karma determines birth and death. As such, a soul under the control of karma undergoes cycling that is meant to purify it (Balcerowicz, 1999). The reincarnation doctrine is closely linked to karma. Karma determines the state of reincarnation. The soul of an individual with bad karma is reincarnated in hell while the soul of an individual with good karma is reincarnated among gods (Balcerowicz, 1999). This teaching is different from the teaching of the other two religions because there is no judgment or reward in reincarnation. They consider the purification cycle as a consequence of bad choices that individuals make. There are four birth categories in the teachings of Jainism. These include demi-gods, humans, evil beings, and animal, plants or microorganisms (Balcerowicz, 1999). Each of the four categories has a different level of being. Demi-gods inhabit a level that houses heaven while devil-like beings inhabit lower levels. Plants, animals, and microorganisms inhabit the middle level. Souls with single senses occupy all three levels. The teachings of Jainism differ from those of other religions because of the number of rebirth types that a cycle contains. There are about 8.4 million destinies that a soul can assume during reincarnation (Balcerowicz, 1999). God is not part of reincarnation because it depends on the karma of the soul. Just like Hindus, Sikhs believe in reincarnation. This implies that the soul can be born several times in form of an animal, human or plant. Their teaching has similar concepts that resonate with the teachings of Hinduism and Jainism. They all believe that after death, the soul undergoes several rebirths before it attains purity that enables it to unite with God. Sikhism teachings promote the belief that hell and heaven exist, and are used to either reward or punish souls depending on their karma (Cole, 2004). Their teachings define death as expiry of time allocated to the soul to live in a certain body. There are two possible outcomes of death. First, if a soul meditates on God and eliminates all evil, then it units with God and does not undergo the rebirth cycle. Secondly, if the soul is laden with evil and does not meditate on God, it enters the rebirth cycle until it attains purity to unite with God (Cole, 2004). The reincarnation cycle involves going through the body forms of 8.4 million species. The only way through which a soul can escape the rebirth cycle is by being good and meditating on God. This happens in order to attain purity and establish connection with God. Moksha is the release of a soul from the birth and death cycle (Cole, 2004). This state is only attained when karma is resolved and purity is attained th rough meditation on God. People with good karma do not fear death because they do not undergo reincarnation. They do not fear death because it is the only way to unite with God. The three religions believe in reincarnation but hold different beliefs on how it happens. Conclusion Hinduism, Jainism, and Sikhism are Indian religions that hold different beliefs concerning certain religious aspects. These religions have different teachings on concepts such as karma, the afterlife, and rebirth. Their beliefs are similar because they all believe in reincarnation, karma, and the afterlife. They believe and teach that karma results from deeds of individuals, which can be either good or bad. They also believe that the soul undergoes rebirth and death before it attains purity to unite with God. In addition, they believe that there is an afterlife. However, they differ in how they explain the three concepts. Hindus believe that Karma is partly determined by the will of God, in addition to the a ctions of an individual. God administers karma fairly and does not favor anyone. In Sikhism, karma is controlled by three concepts that comprise maya. The three qualities join the body and the soul to the planet. Individuals possess these qualities in different degrees, and their actions are controlled by eternal time. Jainism considers karma as consisting of tiny particles that fill the universe. The particles are attracted by the soul, which has a certain karmic field that attracts the micro particles. Attraction is generated from vibrations created by the mind, body, and soul. Hinduism teaches that Rebirth involves migration of the soul into another body depending on its karma. In contrast, Jainism teaches that it is necessary for the soul to undergo further purification by living several other lives before uniting with God. On the other hand, Sikhism teaches that the soul unites with God while Hindus believe that the soul merges with God. Sikhs believe that reincarnation cycle i nvolves all 8.4 million species while Hinduism believes that the cycle involves rebirth into a human, animal, or plant. References Balcerowicz, P 1999, Jainism and the Definition of Religion, Hindi Granth Karyalay,   Riyadh. Cole, W 2004, Understanding Sikhism, Dunedin Academic Press, New York. Cole, W and Sambhi, P 1999, The Shikhs: Their Religious Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press. Fowler, M 1999, Hinduism: Beliefs and Practices, Sussex Academic Press, Chicago. Jennings, H 1996, The Indian Religions, Health Research Books, New York. Kumara, R 2006, Different Aspects of Jainism, Sunrise Publications, London. Matthews, W 2008, World Religions, Cengage learning, New York. 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